Research Goal 3

Email: pmsdg@unilorin.edu.ng

DUROWADE, KABIR ADEKUNLE 91/027771

SERO-PREVALENCE, DETERMINANTS AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RUBELLA INFECTION AMONG WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE IN EKITI STATE, NIGERIA

December 2022

Background: Rubella, (known as German measles), is a vaccine-preventable viral disease of public health importance caused by the Rubella virus (RV) with  devastating teratogenic effect in pregnancy causing Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) in infants. Like many African countries, rubella is endemic in Nigeria. In addition, rubella and CRS receive inadequate attention with no surveillance, no national incidence figure and with documented poor awareness, knowledge and preventive practices. This study aims to assess knowledge, conduct a serological survey, assess the cluster/spatial distribution of rubella and establish its determinants among childbearing age women in Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional serological survey of rubella infection among 585 childbearing women aged 15-49 years. Respondents’ selection was done using multi-stage sampling; and the Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates of all sampled households were taken to establish the spatial distribution of rubella seroprevalence. ArcGIS desktop version 10.5 was used as the primary program in plotting the coordinates to produce the spatial map. Semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data; and blood samples were collected for qualitative assay of rubella IgG and IgM antibodies using the Cypress Combo rubella test kit.  Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 with a progressive multi-level analysis involving univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses. Level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05 and the findings were presented in sections along the objectives using prose, tables, and charts.

Results: The mean age was 30.5±7.9 years and less than half (43.2%) were in the age group 25-34 years. While more than a tenth, 115 (19.7%), of the respondents were in the poorest wealth category, more than three quarters, 493 (84.3%), were not aware of rubella infection. Age, education, marital status, occupation and socioeconomic status were significantly associated with awareness.

Most of the respondents, 538 (92.0%), do not know the cause of rubella and less than a tenth, 52 (8.9%), knew how rubella can be transmitted. Less than a tenth, 41 (7.0%), knew the rubella symptoms and about a quarter, 9 (22.0%), had poor knowledge and almost two thirds, 25 (61.0%) were found to have inadequate knowledge of symptoms of rubella. Only less than a tenth, 39 (6.7%),had knowledge of risk factors of rubella and more than a quarter, 25.6%, had poor knowledge while more than half, 53.8%, of the respondents had inadequate knowledge of risk factors of rubella. About a tenth, 94 (16.1%), of the respondents knew that rubella has a vaccine and of these majority, 81 (86.2%), were not vaccinated against rubella. Age, Level of Education, occupation, wealth quintiles, socio-economic status and community type were factors significantly associated (p<0.05) with knowledge of rubella.

While a total of 93 (15.9%) respondents had positive IgG result (Rubella immunity), 32 (5.5%), had IgM positive result (recent or on-going infection). The combined seroprevalence of anti-rubella antibodies was 21.4%. However, less than a tenth, 17 (3.5%), of the respondents had positive IgG and IgM. More than a third, 32 (34.4%), of those with IgG seropositivity were pregnant, all those with IgM positive result were not pregnant (p<0.001).

The spatial distribution map showed that rubella immunity and rubella infection (positive IgG and IgM sero-prevalence respectively) varies across both the rural and urban communities and also along population density and socio-economic status. Level of education, marital status, number living in household and community type were all significantly associated with rubella IgG (rubella immunity). Level of education (aOR=0.344 (0.166-0.172); p=0.004), number living in household (aOR=2.478 (1.016-6.045); p=0.046) and community type (aOR=0.456 (0.273-0.762); p=0.003) were the independent predictors of rubella immunity. For rubella IgM (rubella infection), parity and religion were significantly associated while no factor was significantly predictive of rubella infection in the regression model. About a quarter of the respondents were identified as having high risk burden for rubella following risk quantification and categorization.

Conclusion and Recommendation: The awareness of rubella was found to be generally low across the rural and urban areas of this study. Every aspect of knowledge on rubella assessed in this study was low among the subjects. The pattern of seroprevalence showed there is wide rubella immunity gap and evidence of endemic transmission of rubella with the differential spatial distribution across rural and urban areas, socioeconomic status and population density.

The Government, through the relevant agencies, needs to institute measures to increase awareness and knowledge of rubella, and put machinery in motion to launch rubella vaccine into the routine immunization schedule so as to increase herd immunity, close the observed rubella immunity gap and reduce endemic transmission.

MODELLING AND SHARED WRITING INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACHES

                AS DETERMINANTS OF WRITTEN ENGLISH ACHIEVEMENT

                          OF NIGERIAN SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

EMMANUEL, Comfort Chisara

12/68OH011

April 2023

Writing is the act of communicating one’s ideas, thoughts and opinions through the inscription of signs and symbols. The use of unsuitable approach to teach this skill has led to its low performance and this has become an impediment to the Nigerian educational system. The study investigated modelling and shared writing instructional approaches as determinants of written English Achievement of Nigerian Secondary Schools Students.

The objectives of the study were to: (i) ascertain the achievement level of Nigerian Students in written English; (ii) investigate the effect of Modelling, Sharing and Interaction effect of both on the written English achievement of Nigerian Students (iii) examine the effect of Modelling, Sharing and the Interaction effect of both on written English achievement of students of different ability levels and (iv) establish the effect of Modelling, Sharing and interaction effect of both on the written English achievement of male and female Nigerian Students.

This is a quasi-experimental research of pre-test, post-test experimental and control groups. The population for this study was all Nigerian Secondary School Students while the sample were eight JSS2 intact classes from Iju-Ebiye Junior High school, Ota, Ogun State and Saint Anthony Junior Secondary school, Ilorin, Kwara State. Four English Language teachers from each school were used to administer a pre-test, treatment and post-test to the four JSS2 classes of their schools. The descriptive statistics was used to answer research question one while the analysis of covariance was used to test all the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance.

The findings of the study were that:

(i)     the achievement level of Nigerian Students’ written English improved from 47.1%                    

          to 60.7%;

(ii)    a significant difference existed in the effect of modelling, sharing and interaction effect of both

         F (1,204) = 850.866; p<0.05, F (1, 2111) = 834.788; p<0.05, F (1,219) = 1119.918; p<0.05 on Nigerian Students’ written English;

(iii)   a significant difference existed in the effect of Modelling, Sharing and Interaction effect of both on the written English of Nigerian Students of the different ability levels, in favour of the high ability level F (2,204) = 614.586; p,0.05, F (2,211) = 439.903; p<0.05, F (2,219) = 1297.143; p<0.05; and

(iv)  modelling, sharing and interaction effect of both differed significantly on the written English achievement of male and female Nigerian Students, in favour of the male gender F (1,204) = 5.853; p<0.05, F (1,211) = 0.751; p>0.05, F (1,219) = 1,237; p>0.05.

The study concluded that Modelling and Sharing Approaches are suitable for the effective teaching and learning of the writing skill. The implication is that these approaches are confirmed effective and should be employed in the teaching and learning of the writing skill. The study recommended that all educational stakeholders should create avenues and utilise already created avenues for the actualisation of these instructional approaches for the effective teaching and learning of the writing skill.

Name: OBADITAN, Opeyemi Funke

Title: DETERMINANTS OF CHILD SPACING PRACTICES AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE GROUP ATTENDING HEALTH FACILITIES IN ILORIN METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

Year: October 2022

Birth spacing is a healthy practice to ensure reproductive and family wellbeing. The determinant factors varies and when not properly practiced has led to a myriad of health challenges to both mother and child and economic challenges to the country at large. This study aimed to assess the determinants of child spacing practices among women of reproductive age group attending health facilities in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to investigate: (i) age at marriage; (ii) age at first motherhood; (iii) income; (iv) educational qualification; (v) type of job; (vi) type of marriage; (vii) myths and misconceptions; (viii) access to family planning services; and (ix) previous adverse event as determinants of child spacing practices among reproductive aged women attending health facilities in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria.

A descriptive research design of survey type was adopted for this study. The population for the study comprised all 55,004 women of reproductive age group (15-49 years) in Ilorin metropolis. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 849 respondents. A researcher structured questionnaire which was validated by three experts was tested for reliability using split-half technique and a reliability co-efficient of 0.79 was obtained through Spearman Brown Prophecy Formula. The data collected were analysed using frequency counts, percentages, chi-square statistics and multiple regression at 0.05 level of significance.

The findings of this study were that:

1. women of reproductive age group significantly practiced child spacing. (calc. ᵪ² value = 797.353 ˃ table ᵪ² value = 11.07);
2. age at marriage was a significant determinant of child spacing practices among the respondents. (calc. F = 1.347 ˃ sig. F value = 0.246) with 21- 25 years being most significant (R = 0.459);
3. age at first motherhood was not a significant determinant of child spacing practices among the respondents. (calc. F = 0.005 < sig. F value = 0.946);
4. income was a significant determinant of child spacing practices among the respondents. (calc. F = 9.156 ˃ sig. F value = 0.003); with #30,000- #100,000 being most significant (R = 0.362);
5. educational qualification was a significant determinant of child spacing practices among the respondents with the (calc. F of 16.332 ˃ sig. F value of 0.000) with first degree being most significant (R= 0.558);
6. type of job was a significant determinant of child spacing practices among the respondents. (calc. ᵪ² value = 1683.768 ˃ table ᵪ² value = 11.07);
7. type of marriage was a significant determinant of child spacing practices among the respondents. (calc. ᵪ² value = 79.08 ˃ table ᵪ² value = 41.34);
8. myths and misconceptions was a significant determinant of child spacing practices among the respondents (calc. ᵪ² value = 921.767 ˃ table ᵪ² value = 16.92);
9. access to family planning services was a significant determinant of child spacing practices among the respondents. (calc. ᵪ² value = 46.97 ˃ table ᵪ² value = 15.51); and
10. previous adverse event with use of family planning services was a significant determinant of child spacing practices among the respondents. (calc. ᵪ² value = 17.16 ˃ table ᵪ² value = 9.49);

The study concluded that women of reproductive age group attending health facilities in Ilorin metropolis practiced child spacing due to their socio-demographic characteristics, beliefs and previous experiences. The implication is that the socio-demographic factors, belief and previous adverse events of the respondents have positive influence on their practices as regards child spacing. The study recommended that health education professionals should plan advocacy health education packages that include child spacing for women of reproductive age group considering the identified factors.

Name: FAKOLUJO, IDOWU YETUNDE 06/55EH093

Title: Anti-haemorrhoidal and Toxicological Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum Leaves in Rats

Year: March 2023

Haemorrhoid is a gastrointestinal disorder characterised by severe vasodilation and inflammation of the rectal veins. Therapies used in the management of haemorrhoids (anti-haemorrhoidal agents) are associated with side effects like rectal bleeding which necessitated the search for alternatives. Despite the acclaimed folkloric use of aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina leaf (AEVAL) and Ocimum gratissimum leaf (AEOGL) in the management of haemorrhoids, scientific data about their efficacy are scanty. This study therefore investigated the anti-haemorrhoidal and toxicological effects of AEVAL and AEGOL in Wistar rats. The objectives of the study were to determine the: (i) secondary metabolites in AEVAL and AEOGL; (ii) anti-haemorrhoidal activities of AEVAL and AEOGL and their combinations in rats; (iii) toxicity of AEVAL and AEOGL in rats; (iv) constituents in AEVAL and AEOGL; and (v) interaction of the constituents with selected proteins. 

The secondary metabolites of AEVAL and AEOGL were determined using standard methods. Haemorrhoid was induced in rats 24 hours after application of croton oil in the rectum. Both extracts at 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) and their combinations (1:1, 1:2 and 2:1) were evaluated for anti-haemorrhoidal activities in rats for seven days. Toxicity of the extracts were evaluated in selected rat tissues at 50, 300, 500 and 2000 mg/kg b.w. for fourteen days by standard methods. The constituents of both extracts were identified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography and their interaction with myeloperoxidase and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) were predicted by molecular docking. Data were analysed using analysis of variance and Tukey’s post-hoc test at p<0.05. 

The findings of the study were that:

1. AEVAL and AEOGL respectively contained alkaloids (14.78, 35.64), flavonoids (118.00, 150.8), terpenoids (54.68, 18.58), coumarins (0.03, 0.02), phenolics (24.77, 11.32) and saponins (0.71, 0.24) in mg/100g;
2. croton oil induced oedema and significantly increased (p<0.05) recto-anal coefficient, rectal myeloperoxidase activities and serum concentrations of interleukin-6, tumour necrotic factor-α, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde;
3. AEVAL and AEOGL at 25 and 50 mg/kg b.w. and their combinations (1:1, 1:2 and 2:1) reversed the alterations in (ii)
4. both extracts at 50 mg/kg b.w. did not significantly alter (p>0.05) liver, kidney and serum γ-glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities;
5. both extracts at 50 mg/kg b.w. did not significantly (p > 0.05) alter serum total protein, direct bilirubin and albumin concentrations but significantly (p<0.05) decreased serum albumin concentrations in rats administered 300 and 500 mg/kg b.w.; 
6. both extracts at 500 and 2000 mg/kg b.w. significantly (p < 0.05) increased serum concentrations of urea, uric acid and creatinine in rats; 
7. warfarin, vanillin, acenocumarol and ascorbic, benzoic and chlorogenic acids were detected in both extracts; and
8. warfarin gave the highest binding affinity for myeloperoxidase (-8.2 kcal/mol) and MMP-2 (-7.9 kcal/mol) comparable to diosmin (standard drug for haemorrhoid) with binding energies of -9.9 kcal/mol and -7.4 kcal/mol for myeloperoxidase and MMP-2, respectively.

The study concluded that both AEVAL and AEOGL and their combinations exhibited anti-haemorrhoidal activities in rats. The study recommended the enlistment of both extracts for drug development against haemorrhoids.

OLAOLUWA, DAUD TEMITOPE

(07/30GB063)

HYDROMETALLURGICAL PROCESSING OF INDIGENOUS MONTEBRASITE AND LEPIDOLITE ORES FOR BIPOLAR DISORDER MANAGEMENT

April 2023

Montebrasite and lepidolite are important minerals from which lithium can be processed for industrial applications. The unique physiological properties of lithium responsible for its therapeutic effects have made it an effective treatment for people with manic disorders. However, the process for obtaining the commercial lithium processing for the aforementioned application is energy-intensive. Therefore, the study aimed to assess hydrometallurgical processing of indigenous montebrasite and lepidolite ores for bipolar disorder management. The objectives of the study were to: (i) examine the elemental and mineralogical constituents of the montebrasite and lepidolite ores; (ii) investigate the leaching rates of the ores using hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄), sodium sulphate (Na₂SO₄), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) and distilled water; (iii) examine the dissolution mechanism using shrinking core models; (iv) perform purification and beneficiation studies to obtain high-grade lithium compounds; (v) evaluate the physiological properties of the lithium compounds prepared at optimal conditions; and (vi) assess the behavioural and histological changes in the management of mood-altering sicknesses in rats.

Consequently, the indigenous montebrasite and lepidolite ores sourced from Plateau and Nasarawa States of Nigeria, respectively were purified through a combination of direct leaching and roast-leaching techniques to obtain high-grade lithium compounds under varying conditions. The prepared products were characterized using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrocopy (SEM-EDX) techniques. The dissolution kinetics were studied using the shrinking core models. The prepared lithium compounds were subjected to physiological examinations using the animal model.

The findings of the study were that:

• investigated ores identified primarily to be montebrasite and lepidolite contains 12.47 and 1.60 wt% Li respectively;
• direct leaching of montebrasite and lepidolite ores with HCl and H₂SO₄ gave 25.1%, 26.3% and 31.0%, 29.0%, respectively. The roast-leaching with Na₂SO₄ and Na₂CO₃ yielded 88.7%, 92.1% and 83.5%, 99.1% lithium sulphate (Li₂SO₄) and lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃) from the processed montebrasite and lepidolite ores, respectively;
• dissolution reactions were mainly diffusion controlled in all media investigated with varying activation energies between 14.47 and 18.10 kJ/mol;
• lithium compounds were obtained from purified and beneficiated ore leachates;
• physiological studies of the highly purified lithium compound revealed the oral lethal dose (LD₅₀) of the Li₂CO₃ to be 1131.4 mg/kg, suggesting acceptable toxicity value according to the Hodge and Sterner toxicity scale; and
• all behavioural and histological tests examined reduced anxiety as established in the rats after treatment, confirming that the prepared lithium compound is safe.

The study concluded that high-grade Li₂CO₃ of 99.1% purity has been prepared from indigenous lithium ores. The prepared Li₂CO₃ is recommended for use in the management of bipolar disorder.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSES AND SEMI-ANALYTIC SOLUTION OF EBOLA MODELS

ADEKUNLE, ADURAGBEMI VICTOR

(14/68EV002)

February 2023

Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) has killed millions of its victims in the past years. In a bid to halt the spread of EVD, both government and non-government organizations have been putting efforts to curb the spread of Ebola Virus Disease. This research aimed at proposing a construction and mathematical analysis of Ebola virus disease models. The objectives were to: (i) formulate four deterministic models that incorporate several interventions to eradicate EVD in the Nigeria; (ii) obtain the steady states solution of the four models for proper mathematical analysis; (iii) investigate and analyze the feasible region of solution; (iv) perform sensitivity and bifurcation analyses of the models; (v) obtain semi-analytic solutions of the models by the Differential Transform Method (DTM); and (vi) apply optimal control theory to the models.

The concept of mathematical modelling of epidemiology was used for model formu lation, Lipschitz condition was used to verify the basic features of the models, while numerical schemes such as Classical Runge-Kutta and Differential Transform Methods were used for models stability and numerical simulation.

Findings of the study were that:

• four deterministic models for Ebola virus were developed and the results from the basic features such as, the existence, uniqueness and invariant region of the models showed that the models were all well posed;
  • two steady equilibria states were obtained for the formulated models, which are Ebola free zone and when the Ebola is in the region;
  • the feasibility region of solution for the models are the set of non-negative invariant set such that the disease is either eradicated or endemic based on the effective reproduction number;
  • sensitivity analysis showed that reducing effective contact with Ebola virus leads to significant reduction in number of new cases while bifurcation analysis indicates that the disease is endemic in the region;

item [(v)] (v) DTM proves an effective method of solving systems of non-linear ordinary differential equations of all the four mathematical models formulated; and

(vi) the analysis of the optimality criteria for the controlled model showed that educational campaign and environmental cleanliness are effective in reducing the spread of Ebola virus.

The study concluded that the spread of Ebola virus, would be greatly reduced or elim inated if pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical measures are encouraged. The study recommended that role of media coverage on Ebola virus, influence of vaccination, hos-pitalization and quarantine need to be encouraged by governmental and non-governmental organizations to reduce the spread of Ebola virus in the society.

DETERMINISTIC MODELS OF STANDARD OF LIVING: A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA

GANIYU, AFEES BABATUNDE

(09/55EB061)

February 2023

One of the key determinants of economic growth and stability of a nation is the macroe- conomic policy of government. The difference between demand and supply in the labour market supported by a rapid population growth is the main factor in increasing unemploy-ment rates. In Nigeria, despite the macroeconomic reforms and good policies pursued by the government, such reforms and policies have not translated to an increase in employment opportunities and poverty reduction. Thus, aim of this study was to examine the dynamics of living standard models as a solution measure to unemployment, poverty and crime reduction. The objectives of the study were to: (i) develop four new deterministic models for employment creation and to derive the basic features of the models such as, the existence, uniqueness and invariant region; (ii) examine global stability of the models; (iii) verify the nature of the basic reproduction number (R₀); (iv) identify the most sensitive parameter(s) of the basic reproductive number; and (vi) use numerical simulation to examine the trend and performance of all the four models.

The concepts of mathematical modelling and transmission dynamics were used for model formulation, Lipschitz condition was employed to verify the basic features of the models, numerical schemes such as classical Runge-Kutta and differential transform methods were used for models’ stability and numerical simulation. Forward sensitivity index were  employed to achieve threshold and obtain the factors highly responsible for poverty and crime in Nigeria.

The findings of the study were that:

• four deterministic mathematical models for employment were developed and the re- sults from the basic features such as, the existence, uniqueness and invariant region of the models showed that the model were well posed;
  • the stability of employment model necessary for poverty and crime to be under control were found to be globally stable;

the analysis of the basic reproduction number showed that, unemployment will be

under control if the value of the R₀ < 1 R₀ = 0.2262187378 < 1;

α (µ α + vα + ϵ α + τ₁α + λ₂β)

• the most sensitive parameters are gross domestic product per capita rate followed by employment rate; and
  • numerical simulation showed that unemployment can be reduced if adequate measures such as youth empowerment and entrepreneurship were given more attention.

The study concluded that unemployment problem can be solved if other sectors such as Information Communication Technology, Mining, Agriculture, Media and Publicity, Event Management, Entertainment and Printing industries are given attentions like Crude Oil. The study recommended that deterministic mathematical models of employment should be given more attention to promote the growth and economy development of the country.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF ONCHOCERCIASIS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, CONTROL AND ITS CO-INFECTION WITH MALARIA DISEASE

OGUNMILORO, Oluwatayo Michael

MATRIC NO: 09/55EB084

November 2021

Onchocerciasis and malaria are two vector borne parasitic diseases with the global largest morbidity, mortality and economic loss in Africa, according to the World Health Organization. Studies have addressed the effects of treatment and usage of vector con- trols only on onchocerciasis disease in a generalized endemic setting using mathemat- ical models, but this study extends these previous works by considering the effects of saturated treatment, education campaign, surgery, usage of treated cloths, bed-nets and insecticide as controls strategies among humans with low and high symptoms of on- chocerciasis as well as its co-transmission with malaria disease. The goal of this study is to analyze the transmission of these diseases with possible mitigation measures using a deterministic model. The objectives were to: (i) derive a deterministic model depict- ing the transmission of onchocerciasis disease in human and blackfly host and obtain the qualitative behaviour and numerical simulations of the model; (ii) determine an optimal control model useful to identify the impact of controls in minimizing onchocerciasis disease in human and blackfly host population; (iii) develop deterministic model de- scribing the co-transmission and infection of onchocerciasis-malaria disease and get the qualitative behaviour and numerical simulations of the co-infection model. For the three models, the existence and uniqueness, positivity, invariant region and stability theorems were used to analyze the qualitative properties of the models. The next generation ma- trix, forward sensitivity and classical Runge -Kutta fourth order methods were used to obtain the basic reproduction numbers, sensitivity analysis of the model parameters and numerical simulations of the model. The findings of the study were that:

• a deterministic model depicting the transmission of onchocerciasis disease in hu- mans and blackfly host is derived. Qualitatively, the model solution exists and the equilibrium solutions in terms of the basic reproduction is found to be locally and globally asymptotically stable while the sensitivity and numerical simulations of the model showed the prevalence of the disease;
• an optimal control model is determined and the model is found to exist while the numerical implementation of the effects of the controls of treated cloths and bednets, surgery, education campaign and insectide usage on the model showed that onchocerciasis reduced in the presence of controls.
• a onchocerciasis-malaria co-infection model is developed. The qualitative results showed that the co-infection model is positive, exist and unique and the disease- free equilibrium solution showed that the co-infection model is locally and glob-ally asymptotically stable, while the sensitivity and numerical simulations of the co-infection model showed the endemicity of the two diseases.

The study concluded that the deterministic and optimal control onchocerciasis and co- infection onchocerciasis-malaria models qualitatively exist, such that onchocerciasis disease prevails without controls but reduces with controls, while onchocerciasis-malaria remains endemic. Therefore, the study recommends to public health agencies and epidemiologist that onchocerciasis remains dreaded, but combined implementation of controls in the study will reduce the burden of the disease, and further controls are needed to curb the endemicity of onchocerciasis-malaria transmission.